Молекулярно-генетическая организация междисков политенных хромосом дрозофилы на уровне ДНК и междиск-ассоциированных белков
Одной из наиболее удобных моделей для исследования интерфазных хромосом эукариот являются политенные хромосомы D. melanogaster. Эти хромосомы содержат до 1000 хроматид, лежащих вплотную друг к другу, каждая из которых соответствует интерфазной хромосоме (обзор Hill et al., 1987). Гомологичные хромосомы конъюгируюг, поэтому политенные хромосомы представлены в ядре гаплоидным числом. Упорядоченное… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Глава 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- 1. 1. Организация политенных хромосом (общие сведения)
- 1. 2. Морфологическая организация междисков
- 1. 3. Молекулярная организация междисков
- 1. 3. 1. Содержание и конформационные особенности междисковой ДНК
- 1. 3. 2. Транскрипционная активность междисков
- 1. 3. 3. Анализ последовательностей нуклеотидов ДНК междисков
- 1. 3. 4. Ассоциированные с междисками белки
- 1. 4. Метод Р-трансформации
- 1. 4. 1. Явление гибридного дисгенеза
- 1. 4. 2. Строение Р-элемента
- 1. 4. 3. Транспозаза Р-элемента
- 1. 4. 4. Механизм и регуляция транспозиции. Поддержание Р-цитотипа
- 1. 4. 5. Выбор нового сайта
- 1. 4. 6. Р-элемент-опосредованный трансгенез D. melanogaster
- 1. 4. 7. Получение перестроек в районе инсерции транспозонов с использованием Р-элемент опосредованной рекомбинации у самцов
- 1. 4. 8. Направленный мутагенез у дрозофилы
- 1. 4. 9. Трансформация как подход к клонированию ДНК междисков
Молекулярно-генетическая организация междисков политенных хромосом дрозофилы на уровне ДНК и междиск-ассоциированных белков (реферат, курсовая, диплом, контрольная)
В настоящее время взаимосвязь структурной организации и генетической активности различных районов интерфазных хромосом несомненна. Однако многие детали этой взаимосвязи до сих пор не ясны. Изучение данной проблемы — одна из приоритетных задач современной биологии, свидетельством чего является большое количество работ и разнообразие выдвигаемых гипотез, посвященных этой теме.
Одной из наиболее удобных моделей для исследования интерфазных хромосом эукариот являются политенные хромосомы D. melanogaster. Эти хромосомы содержат до 1000 хроматид, лежащих вплотную друг к другу, каждая из которых соответствует интерфазной хромосоме (обзор Hill et al., 1987). Гомологичные хромосомы конъюгируюг, поэтому политенные хромосомы представлены в ядре гаплоидным числом. Упорядоченное расположение материала хромосом ведет к образованию поперечной исчерченности, представляющей собой чередование компактных (темных в световом микроскопе) хромомеров, или дисков, и менее плотных, и потому светлых, межхромомеров, или междисков. Именно эти особенности организации политенных хромосом определяют преимущество данной модели перед другими — специфический рисунок дисков и большая степень политении позволяют проводить точную привязку исследуемых последовательностей ДНК к определенным районам, с высоким разрешением картировав сайты связывания многих белковых факторов и проводить тонкий структурно-функциональный анализ хроматина.
Актуальность проблемы.
К 60-ым годам XX века сложилось представление о хромомерах, как единственных носителях генов в хромосомах, поэтому подавляющее число работ было посвящено исследованию функциональной нагрузки именно хромомеров. Данные, указывающие на возможную постоянную транскрипцию материала междисков, — включение междисковыми районами 3Н-уридина, локализация в них РНК-полимеразы II, ДНК: РНК-гибридов и РНП-часгиц (см. раздел 1.3.2), — были получены лишь к 80-ым годам. Систематический молекулярный анализ организации междисков, включающий исследования конкретных последовательностей ДНК, картируемых в междисках, упаковки ДНК в них и ассоциированных белковых факторов был начат относительно недавно, и был обязан развитию двух методов — Рэлемент-опосредованной трансформации генома дрозофилы (см. раздел 1.4) и электронно-микроскопического (ЭМ) картирования инсерций транспозонов на политенных хромосомах (см. раздел 1.4.9). В частности, в результате ЭМ анализа политенных хромосом было обнаружено, что встройка транспозона в междисковый район может вызывать формирование нового тонкого диска, чго открывает уникальную возможность решения проблемы точного соотнесения молекулярных и цитологических данных в этих районах. Зная молекулярную организацию транспозона, можно клонировагь и определить последовательности ДНК, прилежащие к встройке, что позволяет проводить прямые эксперименты по изучению генетических и структурных особенностей междисковых районов.
Целью данной работы является комплексное изучение молекулярно-генетической организации междисковых районов политенных хромосом D. melanogaster, а также молекулярно-генетическое описание белкового комплекса Z4/CHRIZ, ассоциированного с междисками политенных хромосом дрозофилы. В связи с эгим были поставлены следующие задачи:
1. Определить молекулярно-генетическую организацию междискового материала: а) клонировать и определить последовательность нуклеотидов ДНК из междисковых районов ЗА4/А6 и 60Е8/Е10- б) провести сравнительный анализ последовательностей нуклеотидов междисковых ДНКв) исследовать транскрипционную активность ДНК из района междиска 60Е8/Е10.
2. Синтезировать и проверить активность in vivo нового «донорного» транспозона дрозофилы для работы с междисковой ДНК в ненативном геномном окружении.
3. Провести комплексный молекулярно-генетический анализ гена Chriz, продукт которого предположительно ассоциирован с междисками: а) определить паттерн экспрессии гена Chriz б) определить паттерн хромосомной локализации комплекса Z4/CHRIZ в диплоидных и политенных клеткахв) получить и охарактеризовать мутантные аллели Chrizг) идентифицировать эволюционно-консервативные домены белка CHRIZ.
Научная новизна. В данной работе впервые проведено клонирование и определение нуклеогидных последовательностей ДНК междисков ЗА4/А6 и 60Е8/Е10. Проведен сравнительный анализ ДНК исследованных междисков, последовахельноегей ДНК междисков, описанных ранее, и последовательное! ей ДНК дисков. Впервые на молекулярном уровне показана транскрипционная активность ДНК междиска. Впервые получены и протестированы три новых вектора — ве1аоры pFRT и pFRTV, разработанные для изучения междисков и вектор рМН, созданный для регулируемой экспрессии химерных белков в сис1еме Е. coli. Проведен детальный молекуляржыенетический анализ гена Chriz, белковый продукт которого образует комплекс с белком Z4 и специфически связывается с междисками политенных хромосом D. melanogaster.
Практическая ценность. В работе показана высокая технологичность подхода, предложенного ранее для клонирования ДНК междисков. Проведены первые прямые эксперименты по изучению транскрипционных свойств ДНК междисков. Впервые исследованы некоторые белковые составляющие хроматина междисков на молекулярном уровне. Результаты этих экспериментов имеют существенное значение для дальнейшего анализа структурно-функциональной организации интерфазных хромосом.
Апробация работы. Основные результаты данного исследования докладывались на ХШ и XIV Международных симпозиумах по структуре и функции клеючного ядра (Санкт-Петербург, 1999, 2002), 14th International Chromosome Conference (Wuerzburg, Germany, 2001), 28th International Meeting of The Federation of European Biochemical Societies (Istanbul, Turkey, 2002), 18th European Drosophila Research Conference / Eurofly (Gottingen, Germany, 2003), 45th Annual Drosophila Research Conference (Washington DC, USA, 2004), III Съезд ВОГиС (Москва, 2004).
Вклад автора. Основная часть экспериментов была выполнена авюром самостоятельно. Работа по клонированию и трансформации кДНК Chriz была проведена автором в лаборатории проф. X. Заумвебера при техническом содействии докт. X. Эггерта и г-жи Р. Гинапп (Институт Биологии, Берлин, Германия). Электронно-микроскопический анализ районов инсерций гранспозонов был полностью проведен д.б.н. В. Ф. Семешиным (ИЦиГ СО РАН). Анализ транскрипционной активности междиска 60Е8/Е10 методом Нозерн-блог гибридизации, а также начальные эксперименты по секвенированию ДНК междисков проводились совместно и в соавюрсгве с к.б.н. С. Л. Демаковым. Идея создания Р-транспозона pFRT принадлежит к.б.н. Ю. Б. Шварцу (Женевский Университет, Швейцария), трансформация этого вектора в геном дрозофилы была проведена им в лаборатории проф. С. В. Разина (ИБГ РАН, Москва). Часть работы по клонированию междисковых последовагельносгей проводилась автором в лаборатории проф. П. Слонимского (Центр Молекулярной Генетики CNRS, Жиф-сюр-Ивегт, Франция).
Обьем работы. Диссертация состоит из введения, обзора литературы, описания материалов и методов, результатов, обсуждения, а также выводов и списка цитируемой литературы, включающего 416 ссылок. Работа изложена на 164 страницах машинописною текста, содержит 10 таблиц и 32 рисунка.
Выводы.
1. Последовательности ДНК изученных междисков уникальны в геноме и соответствуют либо регуляторным 5'-нетранскрибируемым областям генов, либо кодирующим областям активно экспрессирующихся генов «домашнего хозяйства».
2. Показано, что транспозон дрозофилы pFRT функционален и может быть использован для картирования последовательностей ДНК, способных формировать междиск в ненативном геномном окружении.
3. Установлено, что комплекс белков Z4/CHRIZ локализуется в большинстве междисковых районов политенных хромосом.
A.Chriz является жизненно-важным геном дрозофилы. Chriz экспрессируется на всех стадиях развития, а белок CHRIZ обнаруживается во всех исследованных клеточных типах, органах и тканях. Изменение экспрессии Chriz приводит к гибели клеток.
5. Установлено, что в диплоидных тканях комплекс Z4/CHRIZ ассоциирован исключительно с интерфазным хроматином. На стадии прометафазы белок CHRIZ колокализуется с микротрубочками веретена деления.
6. Показано, что полученные мутантные аллели Chriz являются слабыми супрессорами эффекта положения мозаичного типа.
7. В структуре CHRIZ обнаруживается несколько эволюционно консервативных доменов, включая хромодомен.
Список литературы
- Ананьев Е.В., Барский В. Е. Ультраструктура политенных хромосом Drosophila melanogaster II Доклады АН СССР. 1983. Т. 273. N. 4. С. 985−987.
- Ананьев Е.В., Барский В. Е. Электронно-микроскопическая карта политенных хромосом слюнных желез дрозофилы (D. melanogaster) IIМ.: Наука, 1985.
- Барский В.Е., Ананьев Е. В. Визуализация элементарных структур в политенных хромосомах Drosophila melanogaster II Молекулярная биология. 1985. Т. 19. N. 1. С. 295−301.
- Власова И.Е., Умбетова Г. Х., Беляева Е. С., Жимулев И. Ф. Выявление транскрипционно активных районов в политенных хромосомах Drosophila melanogaster методом иммунофлуоресцентной локализации гибридов ДНК-РНК // Генетика. 1985. Т. 21. N. 3. С. 424−432.
- Власова И.Е., Умбетова Г. Х., Циммерман В. Г. и др. Иммунофлуоресцентная локализация гибридов ДНК-РНК в политенных хромосомах Drosophila melanogaster 11 Доклады АН СССР. 1984. Т. 274. N. 1. С. 189−192.
- Гловер Д. Клонирование ДНК. Методы // Москва: Мир, 1988.
- Демаков С.А. Молекулярно-генетический анализ ДНК междиска политенных хромосом дрозофилы // Дис. канд. биол. наук. Новосибирск. 1994.
- Жимулев И.Ф. Политенные хромосомы: морфология и структура // Новосибирск: Наука, 1992.
- Жимулев И.Ф. Хромомерная организация политенных хромосом // Новосибирск: Наука, 1994.
- Жимулев И.Ф., Беляева Е. С. Включение ЗН-уридина в хромосомы слюнных желез Drosophila melanogaster И Генетика. 1974. Т. 10. N. 9. С. 71−79.
- Жимулев И. Ф. Беляева Е.С. Изменения структуры политенных хромосом дрозофилы при длительном культивировании слюнных желез личинок в брюшной полости взрослых мух// Цитология. 1976. Т. 18. N. 1. С. 5−9.
- Зайниев Г. А., Шилова И. Э., Груздев А. Д. Механические свойства политенных хромосом. I. Подвижность структуры // Цитология. 1980. Т. 22. N. 6. С. 631−639.
- Котликова И.В., Демакова О. В., Жимулев И. Ф. Особенности локализации белков дозовой компенсации в политенных хромосомах дрозофилы Drosophila melanogaster II Цитология. 2000. Т. 42. С. 288−289.
- Мазин Л.В., Кузнеделов К. Д., Краев А. С. и др. Методы молекулярной генешки и генной инженерии// Новосибирск: Наука. 1990.
- Маниатис Т., Фрич Э., Сэмбрук Дж. Методы генетической инженерии. Молекулярной клонирование// Москва: Мир. 1984.
- Марков А.В., Захаров А. А., Галкин А. П. и др. Локализация комплексов когезии в политенных хромосомах Drosophila melanogaster связана с междисками // Генетика. 2003. Т. 39. С. 1203−1211.
- Семешин В.Ф., Демаков С. А., Жимулев И. Ф. Характеристика структур политенных хромосом дрозофилы, образуемых транспозируемыми фрагментами ДНК // Генетика. 1989. Т. 25. С. 1968−1978.
- Семешин В.Ф., Жимулев И. Ф. О правилах электронно-микроскоиического картирования политенных хромосом на давленых препаратах слюнных желез дрозофилы // Цитология. 1989. Т. 31. N. 6. С. 728−731.
- Семешин В.Ф., Чернухин В. А., Шабельников И. В. и др. Цитогенетичский анализ инсерций в составе междисков политенных хромосом дрозофилы // Генетика. 1994. Т. 30. N. 7. С. 927−933.
- Умбетова Г. Х. Иммунофлуоресцентная локализация транскрипционно активных районов в политенных хромосомах Drosophila melanogaster II Дис. канд. биол. наук. -Новосибирск, 1991.
- Шварц Ю.Б., Демаков С. А., Жимулев И. Ф. Клонирование и анализ ДНК из междисковых районов 85D9/D10 и 86В4/В6 политенных хромосом Drosophila melanogaster И Генетика. 1998. Т. 34. N. 8. С. 1081−1089.
- Шварц Ю.Б., Юдинкова Е. С., Демаков С. А. и др. Фрагменты ДНК из районов междисков политенных хромосом Drosophila melanogaster связываются с ядерным матриксом in vitro II Молекулярная биология. 1999. Т. 33. N. 2. С. 268−272.
- Шлома В.В. Цитогенетический и электронно-микроскопический анализ районов локализации транспозонов в политенных хромосомах // Дис. канд. биол. наук. Новосибирск. 2000.
- Adams M.D., Celniker S.E., Holt R.A. et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster // Science. 2000. V. 287. P. 2185−2195.
- Ahmad K., Henikoff S. The histone variant H3.3 marks active chromatin by replication -independent nucleosome assembly // Molecular Cell. 2002. V. 9. P. 1191−2000.
- Akhmanova A. S, Bindels P.C., Xu J. et al. Structure and expression of histone H3.3 genes in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila hydei // Genome. 1995. V. 38(3). P. 586 600.
- Akhmanova A., Miedema K., Wang Y. et al. The localization of histone H3.3 in germ line chromatin of Drosophila males as established with a histone НЗ. З-specific antiserum // Chromosoma. 1997. V. 106. P. 335−347.
- Akhtar A., Zink D., Becker P.B. Chromodomains are protein-RNA interaction modules // Nature. 2000. V. 407(6802). P. 405−409.
- Ananiev E.V., Barsky V.E. Localization of RNA synthesis sites in the 1B-3C region of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome // Chromosoma. 1978. V. 65. P. 359−371.
- Ananiev E.V., Barsky V.E. Elementary structures in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster /1 Chromosoma. 1985. V. 93. P. 104−112.
- Andrulis E.D., Guzman E., Doring P. et al. High resolution of Drosophila Spt5 and Spt6 at heat shock genes in vivo: roles in promoter proximal pausing and transcription elongation // Genes & Development. 2000. V. 14. P. 2635−2649.
- Armstrong J.A., Papoulas O., Daubresse G. et al. The Drosophila BRM complex facilitates global transcription by RNA polymerase II // EMBO J. 2002. V. 21(19). P. 52 455 254.
- Arkhipova I.R. Promoter elements in Drosophila melanogaster revealed by sequence analysis //Genetics. 1995. V. 139(3). P. 1359−1369.
- Ashburner M. Patterns of puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila. V. Responses to environmental treatments // Chromosoma. 1970. V. 31. P. 356 376.
- Ashburner M. Puffing patterns in Drosophila melanogaster and related species // Results and problems in cell differentiation/ Ed. W. Beermann. Berlin- Heidelberg- New York: Springer. 1972. V. 4. P. 101−151.
- Ashburner M., Bonner J.J. The induction of gene activity in Drosophila by heat shock // Cell. 1979. V. 17. P. 241−254.
- Aso Т., Conaway J.W., Conaway R.C. The RNA polymerase II elongation complex // FASEB J. 1995. V. 9. P. 1419−1428.
- Ball L.J., Murzina N.V., Broadhurst R.W. et al. Structure of the chromatin binding (chromo) domain from mouse modifier protein 1 // EMBO J. 1997. V. 16(9). P. 2473−2481.
- Baskaran R., Dahmus M.E., Wang J.Y. Tyrosine phosphorylation of mammalian RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988. V. 90. P. 11 167−11 171.
- Baumann H., Knapp S., Lundback T. et al. Solution structure and DNA-binding properties of a thermostable protein from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus II Nature Structural Biology. 1994. V. 1(11). V. 808−819.
- Beall E.L., Admon A., Rio D.C. A Drosophila protein homologous to the human p70 Ku autoimmune antigen interacts with the P transposable element inverted repeats // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1994. V. 91(26). P. 12 681−12 685.
- Beall E.L., Rio D.C. Drosophila IRBP/Ku p70 corresponds to the mutagen-sensitive mus309 gene and is involved in P-element excision in vivo Ц Genes & Development. 1996. V. 10(8). P. 921−933.
- Beall E.L., Rio D.C. Drosophila P-element transposase is a novel site-specific endonuclease //Genes & Development. 1997. V. 11(16). P. 2137−2151.
- Beall E.L., Rio D.C. Transposase makes critical contacts with, and is stimulated by, single-stranded DNA at the P element termini in vitro II EMBO J. 1998. V. 17(7). P. 21 222 136.
- Beermann W. Chromomers and genes // Results and problems in cell differentiation/ Ed. W. Beermann. Berlin- Heidelberg- New York: Springer. 1972. V. 4. P. 1−33.
- Beisel C., Imhof A., Greene J. et al. Histone methylation by the Drosophila epigenetic transcriptional regulator Ashl // Nature. 2002. V. 419. P. 857−861.
- Bellaiche Y., Mogila V., Periimon N. -Sce endonuclease, a new tool for studying DNA double-strand break repair mechanisms in Drosophila // Genetics. 1999. V. 152(3). P. 1037−1044.
- Belotserkovskaya R., Oh S., Bondarenko V.A. et al. FACT facilitates transcription-dependent nucleosome alteration// Science. 2003. V. 301. P. 1090−1093.
- Belyaeva E.S., Protopopov M.O., Baricheva E.M. et al. Cytogenetic analysis of region 2B3−4 2B11 of the X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. VI. Molecular and cytological mapping the ecs locus and the 2B puff // Chromosoma. 1987. V. 95. P. 295−310.
- Bentley D.L. Regulation of transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1995. V. 5. P. 210−216.
- Bentley D.L. Coupling RNA polymerase II transcription with pre-mRNA processing // Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 1999. V. 11. P. 347−351.
- Berg C.A., Spradling A.C. Studies on the rate and site-specificity of P element transposition//Genetics. 1991. V. 127(3). P. 515−524.
- Berger S.L. Histone modifications in transcriptional regulation // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2002. V. 12. P. 142−148.
- Bernstein B.E., Humphrey E.L., Erlich R.L. et al. Methylation of histone H3 Lys4 in coding regions of active genes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002. V. 99(13). P. 86 958 700.
- Bibikova M., Golic M., Golic K.G., Carroll D. Targeted chromosomal cleavage and mutagenesis in Drosophila using zinc-finger nucleases // Genetics. 2002. V. 161(3). P. 11 691 175.
- Blanton J., Gaszner M., Schedl P. Protein: protein interactions and the pairing of boundary elements in vivo // Genes and Developmet. 2003. V. 17(5). P. 664−675.
- Blattner F.R., Plunkett G. 111. Bloch C.A. et al. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 //Science. 1997. V. 277(5331). P. 1453−1474.
- Bodmer M., Ashburner M. Conservation and change in the DNA sequences coding for alcohol dehydrogenase in sibling species of Drosophila // Nature. 1984. V. 209. P. 425−429.
- Boehm A.K., Saunders A., Werner J., Lis J.T. Transcription factor and polymerase recruitment, modification, and movement on dhsp70 in vivo in the minutes following heat shock// Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2003. V. 23(21). P. 7628−7637.
- Boggs B.A., Cheung P., Heard E. et al. Differentially methylated forms of histone H3 show unique association patterns with inactive human X chromosomes // Nature Genetics. 2002. V. 30(1). P. 73−76.
- Bone J.R., Lavender J., Richman R. et al. Acetylated histone H4 on the male X chromosome is associated with dosage compensation in Drosophila // Genes & Development. 1994. V. 8(1). P. 96−104.
- Bouazoune K., Mitterweger A., Langst G. et al. The dMi-2 chromodomains are DNA binding modules important for ATP-dependent nucleosome mobilization // EMBO J. 2002. V. 21(10). P. 2430−2440.
- Brand A. GEP in Drosophila // Trends in Genetics. 1995. V. 11(8). P. 324−325.
- Brand A.H., Perrimon N. Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes // Development. 1993. V. 118(2). P. 401−415.
- Brendel V., Bucher P., Nourbakhsh I. et al. Methods and algorithms for statistical analysis of protein sequences // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1992. V. 89. P. 2002−2006.
- Bruhn S.L., Housman D.E., Lippard S.J. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding the Drosophila homolog of the HMG-box SSRP family that recognizes specific DNA structures // Nucleic Acids Research. 1993. V. 21. P. 1643−1646.
- Buchner K., Roth P., Schotta G. et al. Genetic and molecular complexity of the position effect variegation modifier mod (mdg4) in Drosophila // Genetics. 2000. V. 155(1). P. 141−157.
- Burke T.W., Kadonaga J.T. Drosophila TFIID binds to a conserved downstream basal promoter element that is present in many TATA-box-deficient promoters // Genes & Development. 1996. V. 10(6). P. 711−724.
- Butterworth F.M., Rasch E.M., Johnson M.B. Is there a limit of in situ genomic replication in Drosophila! // J. Exptl. Zool. 1985. V. 234. P. 325−328.
- Byrd K.N., Shearn A. ASH1, a Drosophila trithorax group protein, is required for methylation of lysine 4 residues on histone H3 // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003. V. 100(20). P. 11 535−11 540.
- Cadena D.L., Dahmus M.E. Messenger RNA synthesis in mammalian cells is catalyzed by the phosphorylated form of RNApolymerase II // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987. V. 262. P. 12 468−12 474.
- Celotto A.M., Graveley B.R. Exon-specific RNAi: a tool for dissecting the functional relevance of alternative splicing// RNA. 2002. V. 8(6). P. 718−724.
- Champlin D.T., Frasch M., Saumweber H., Lis J. Characterization of a Drosophila protein associated with boundaries of transcriptionally ative chromatin // Genes & Development. 1991. V. 5. P. 1611−1621.
- Champlin D.T., Lis J.T. Distribution of B52 within a chromosomal locus depends on the level of transcription // Molecular Biology of the Cell. 1994. V. 5. P. 71−79.
- Chen D., Ma H., Hong H. et al. Regulation of transcription by a protein methyl transferase // Science. 1999. V. 284. P. 2174−2177.
- Cherry J.M., Ball C., Weng S. et al. Genetic and physical maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Nature. 1997. V. 387(6632 Suppl). P. 67−73.
- Cheung P., Allis C.D., Sassone-Corsi P. Signalling to chromatin through histone modifications//Cell. 2000. V. 103. P. 263−271.
- Cheung P., Tanner K.G., Cheurn W.L. et al. Synergistic coupling of histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation in response to epidermal growth factor stimulation // Molecular Cell. 2000. V. 5. P. 905−916.
- Chinwalla V., Jane E.P., Harte P.J. The Drosophila trithorax protein binds to specific chromosomal sites and is co-localized with Polycomb at many sites // EMBO J. 1995. V. 14. P. 2056−2065.
- Clapier C.R., Langst G., Corona D.F. et al. Critical role for the histone H4 N terminus in nucleosome remodeling by ISWI // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2001. V. 21(3). P. 875−883.
- Clapier C.R., Nightingale K.P., Becker P.B. A critical epitope for substrate recognition by the nucleosome remodeling ATPase ISWI // Nucleic Acids Research. 2002. V. 30. P. 649−655.
- Clarkson M.J., Wells J.R., Gibson F. et al. Regions of variant histone His2AvD required for Drosophila development // Nature. 1999. V. 399. P. 694−697.
- Clayton A.L., Rose S., Barratt M.J., Mahadevan L.C. Phosphoacetylationof histone H3 on c-fos and с-ушг-associated nucleosomes upon gene activation // EMBO J. 2000. V. 19. P. 3714−3726.
- Coen D., Lemaitre В., Delattre M. et al. Drosophila P element: transposition, regulation and evolution // Genetica. 1994. V. 93(1−3). P. 61−78.
- Corden J.L., Cadena D.L., Ahearn J.iM. Jr., Dahmus M.E. A unique structure at the carboxyl terminus of the alargest subunit od eukaryotic RNA polymerase II // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985. V. 82. P. 7934−7938.
- Corona D.F.V., Clapier C.R. Becker P.B., Tamkun J.W. Modulation of ISWI function by site-specific histone acetylation // EMBO reports. 2002. V. 3(3). P. 242−247.
- Dahmus M.E. The role of multisite phosphorylation in the regulation of RNA polymerase II activity // Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1994. V. 48. P. 143−179.
- Daniels S.B., Chovnick A. P element transposition in Drosophila melanogaster: an analysis of sister-chromatid pairs and the formation of intragenic secondary insertions during meiosis// Genetics. 1993. V. 133(3). P. 623−636.
- Darrow J.M., Clever U. Chromosome activity and cell function in polytene cells // Developmental Biology. 1970. V. 21. P. 331−348.
- Demakov S.A., Semeshin V.F., Zhimulev l.F. Cloning and molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster interband DNA// Mol. Gen. Genet. 1993. V. 238. P. 437−443.
- Deuring R., Fanti L., Armstrong J. The ISWI chomatin-remodeling protein is required for gene expression and the maintenance of higher order chromatin structure in vivo // Molecular Cell. 2000. V. 5. P. 355−365.
- Donahue P.R., Palmer D.K., Condie J.M. et al. Drosophila histone H2A.2 is associated with the interbands of polytene chromosomes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986. V. 83. P. 6878−6882.
- Dorsett D. Distance-independent inactivation of an enhancer by the suppressor of Hairy-wing DNA-binding protein of Drosophila // Genetics. 1993. V. 134(4). P. 1135−1144.
- Duffy J.B. GAL4 system in Drosophila: a fly geneticist’s Swiss army knife // Genesis. 2002. V. 34. P. 1−15.
- Dvir A., Conaway R.C., Conaway J.W. A role for TFIIH in controlling the activity of early RNA polymerase И elongation complexes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997. V. 94. P. 9006−9010.
- Edmondson D.G., Davie J.K., Zhou J. et al. Site-specific loss of acetylation upon phosphorylation of histone H3 // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002. V. 277(33). P. 29 496−24 502.
- Edmondson S.P., Qiu L., Shriver J.W. Solution structure of the DNA-binding protein Sac7d from the hyperthermophile // Biochemistry. 1995. V. 34(41). P. 13 289−13 304.
- Eggert H., Gortchakov A., Saumweber H. Identification of the Drosophila interband-specific protein Z4 as a DNA-binding zinc-finger protein determining chromosome structure // Journal of Cell Science. 2004. V. 117(18). P. 4253−4264.
- Eggleston W.B. P-element transposition and excision in Drosophila: Interactions between elements // University of Wisconsin. Genetics. Madison. WI. 1990.
- Eissenberg J.C. Molecular biology of the chromo domain: an ancient chromatin module comes of age // Gene. 2001. V. 275. P. 19−29.
- Enerly E., Larsson J., Lambertsson A. Reverse genetics in Drosophila: from sequence to phenotype using UAS-RNAi transgenic flies // Genesis. 2002. V. 34(1−2). P. 152−155.
- Engels W.R. The P family of transposable elements in Drosophila // Annual Review of Genetics. 1983. V. 17. P. 315−344.
- Engels W.R. P elements in Drosophila // Mobile DNA/ Eds. D.E. Berg, M.M. Howe. -American Soci. Microbiol. Publ. 1989.
- Engels WR. The origin of P elements in Drosophila melanogaster // Bioessays. 1992. V. 14(10). P. 681−686.
- Engels W.R. Reversal of fortune for Drosophila genetics // Science. 2000. V. 288. P. 1973−1975.
- Engels W.R., Benz W.K., Preston C.R., Graham P.L., Phillis R.W., Robertson H.M. Somatic effects of P element activity in Drosophila melanogaster: pupal lethality // Genetics. 1987. V. 117(4). P. 745−757.
- Engels W.R., Johnson-Schlitz D.M., Eggleston W.B., Sved J. High-frequency P element loss in Drosophila is homolog dependent// Cell. 1990. V. 62(3). P. 515−525.
- Engels W.R., Preston C.R. Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the biology of female and male sterility // Genetics. 1979. V. 92(1). P. 161−174.
- Engels W.R., Preston C.R. Identifying P factors in Drosophila by means of chromosome breakage hotspots // Cell. 1981. V. 26(3.1). P. 421−428.
- Engels W.R., Preston C.R. Formation of chromosome rearrangements by P factors in Drosophila//Genetics. 1984. V. 107(4). P. 657−678.
- Farrel-Towt J., Sanders M. Non-coordinate histone synthesis in heat shocked Drosophila cells is regulated at multiple levels // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1984. V. 4. P. 2676−2685.
- Fischle W., Wang YM Jacobs S.A. et al. Molecular basis for the discrimination of repressive methyl-lysine marks in histone H3 by Polycomb and HP1 chromodomains // Genes & Development. 2003.V. 17(15). P. 1870−1881.
- Fleischmann G., Pflugfelder G., Steiner E.K. et al. Drosophila DNA topoisomerase I is associated with transcriptionally active regions of the genome // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1984. V. 81. P. 6958−6962.
- The FlyBase Consortium. The FlyBase database of the Drosophila genome projects and community literature // Nucleic Acids Research. 2003. V. 31(1). P. 172−175. http://flybase.net/
- Follette P.J., Duronio R.J., O’Farrell P.H. Fluctuations in Cyclin E levels are required for multiple rounds of endocycle S phase in Drosophila // Current Biology. 1998. V. 8. P. 235−238.
- Frasch M., Glover D.M., Saumweber H. Nuclear antigens follow different pathways into daughter nuclei during mitosis in early Drosophila embryos // Journal of Cell Science. 1986. V. 82. P. 155−172.
- Fridell Y.W.C., Searles L.L. Vermilion as a small selectable marker gene for Drosophila transformation // Nucleic Acids Research. 1991. V. 19. P. 5082.
- Fung J.C., Marshall W.F., Dernburg A. et al. Homologous chromosomes pairing in Drosophila melanogaster proceeds through multiple independent initiations // The Journal of Cellular Biology. 1998. V. 141. P. 5−20.
- Fujita S., Takamoto K. Synthesis of messenger RNA on the polytene chromosomes of Dipteran salivary gland // Nature. 1963. V. 200. P. 494−495.
- Gaszner M., Vazquez J. Schedl P. The Zw5 protein, a component of the scs chromatin domain boundary, is able to block enhancer-promoter interaction // Genes & Development. 1999. V. 13(16). P. 2098−2107.
- Gerasimova T.I., Corces V.G. Polycomb and trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator // Cell. 1998. V. 92(4). P.511−521.
- Gdula D.A., Gerasimova T.I., Corces V.G. Genetic and molecular analysis of the gypsy chromatin insulator of Drosophila // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996. V. 93(18). P. 9378−9383.
- Gerber M., Ma J., Dean K. et al. Drosophila ELL is associated with actively elongating RNA polymerase II on transcriptionally active sites in vivo I I EMBO J. 2001. V. 20(21). P. 6104−6114.
- Ghosh D., Gerasimova T.I., Corces V.G. Interactions between the Su (Hw) and Mod (mdg4) proteins required for gypsy insulator function // EMBO J. 2001 V. 20(10). P. 2518−2527.
- Gim B.S., Park J.M., Yoon J.H. et al. Drosophila Med6 is required for elevated expression of a large but distinct set of developmentally regulated genes // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2001. V. 21(15). P. 5242−5255.
- Giordano E., Rendina R., Peluso I., Furia M. RNAi triggered by symmetrically transcribed transgenes in Drosophila melanogaster I I Genetics. 2002. V. 160(2). P. 637−648.
- Gloor G.B., Nassif N.A., Johnson-Schlitz D.M., Preston C.R., Engels W.R. Targeted gene replacement in Drosophila via P element-induced gap repair // Science. 1991. V. 253. P. 1110−1117.
- Goldberg D.A., Posakony J.W., Maniatis T. Correct developmental expression of a cloned alcohol dehydrogenase gene transduced into the Drosophila germ line // Cell. 1983. V. 34(1). P. 59−73.
- Golic K.G. Local transposition of P elements in Drosophila melanogaster and recombination between duplicated elements using a site-specific recombinase // Genetics. 1994. V. 137(2). P. 551−563.
- Golic K.G., Lindquist S.L. The FLP recombinase of yeast catalyzes site-specific recombination in the Drosophila genome // Cell. 1989. V. 59. P. 499−509.
- Golic M.M., Rong Y.S., R.B. Peteresen. et al. FLP-mediated DNA mobilization to specific target sites in Drosophila chromosomes // Nucleic Acids Research. 1997. V. 25. P. 3665−3671.
- Golubovsky M.D., Ivano Y.N., Green M.M. Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: putative multiple insertion mutants at the singed bristle locus // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1977. V. 74(7). P. 2973−2975
- Goode S., Melnick M., Chou T-B., Perrimon N. The neurogenic genes egghead and hrainiac define a novel signaling pathway essential for epithelial morphogenesis during Drosophila oogenesis // Development. 1996. V. 122. P. 3863−3879.
- Greenblatt J. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and transcriptional regulation // Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 1997. V. 9. P. 310−319.
- Gruzdev A.D., Reznik N.A. Evidence for the uninemy of eucaryotic chromatids // Chromosoma. 1981. V. 82. P. 1−8.
- Gu W., Szauter P., Lucchesi J.C. Targeting of MOF, a putative histone acetyl transferase, to the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster // Dev. Genet. 1998. V. 22(1). P. 56−64.
- Gustafsson C.M., Samuelsson T. Mediator a universal complex in transcriptional regulation// Molecular Microbiology. 2001. V. 41(1). P. 1−8.
- Guzman E., Lis J.T. Transcription factor TFIIH is required for promoter melting in vivo II Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1999. V. 8. P.5652−5658.
- Hall L.M.C., Mason P.J. Spierer P. Transcripts, genes and bands in 315,000 basepairs of Drosophila DNA // J. Molecular Biol. 1983. V. 169. P. 84- 96.
- Handler A.M., Gomez S.P., O’Brochta D.A. Negative regulation of P element excision by the somatic product and terminal sequences of P in Drosophila melanogaster // Mol. Gen. Genet. 1993. V. 237(1−2). P. 145−151.
- Hansen S.K., Takada S., Jacobson R.H. et al. Transcription properties of a cell type-specific TATA-binding protein, TRF // Cell. 1997. V. 91(1). P. 71−83.
- Harrison D.A., Gdula D.A., Coyne R.S., Corces V.G. A leucine zipper domain of the suppressor of Hairy-wing protein mediates its repressive effect on enhancer function // Genes & Development. 1993. V. 7. P. 1966−1978.
- Hart C.G., Zhao K., Laemmli U.K. The scs' boundary element: characterization of boundary element-associated factors // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1997. V. 17(2). P. 999−1009.
- Hart K., Klein Т., Wilcox M. A Minute encoding a ribosomal protein enhances wing morphogenesis mutants// Mechanisms of Development. 1993. V. 43. P. 101−110.
- Hartzog G.A., Wada Т., Handa H., Winston F. Evidence that Spt4, Spt5, and Spt6 control transcription elongation by RNA polymerase 11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae // Genes & Development. 1998. V. 12. P. 357−369.
- Hill R.J., Watt F., Wilson C.M. et al. Bands, interbands and puffs in native Drosophila polytene chromosomes are recognized by a monoclonal antibody to an epitope in the carboxy-terminal tail of histone HI // Chromosoma. 1989. V. 98(6).P. 411−421.
- Hiraizumi Y. A new method to distinguish between meiotic and premeiotic recombinational events in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetics. 1979. V. 92(2). P. 543−554.159. van Holde K.E. Chromatin// Ed. A. Rich. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1988.
- Immanuel D., Zinszer H., Ron D. Association of SARFH (sarcoma-associated RNA-binding fly homolog) with regions of chromatin transcribed by RNA polymerase II // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1995. V. 15(8). P. 4562−4571.
- Ivanov D., Kwak Y.T., Guo J., Gaynor R.B. Domains in the SPT5 protein that modulate its transcriptional regulatory properties // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2000. V. 20. P. 2970−2983.
- Jackson J.P. Lindroth A.M., Cao X., Jacobsen S.E. Control of CpNpG methylation by the KRYPTON ITE histone H3 methyl transferase // Nature. 2002. V. 416. P. 556−560.
- Jackson S.P. The recognition of DNA damage // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1996. V. 6(1). P. 19−25.
- Jacobs S.A., Taverna S.D., Zhang Y. et al. Specificity of the HP1 chromo domain for the methylated N-terminus of histone НЗ // EMBO J. 2001. V. 20(18). P. 5232−5241.
- Jacobson R.H., Ladurner A.G., King D.S., Tjian R. Structure and function of a human TAF (11)250 double bromodomain module // Science. 2000. V. 288. P. 1422−1425.
- Jamrich M., Greenleaf A.L., Bautz E.K.F. Localization of RNA-polymerase in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1977. V. 74. P. 2079−2083.
- Jasin M. Genetic manipulation of genomes with rare-cutting endonucleases II Trends in Genetics. 1996. V. 12. P. 224−228.
- Jedlicka P., Mortin M.A., Wu C. Multiple functions of Drosophila heat shock transcription factor in vivo // EMBO J. 1997. V. 16. P. 2452−2462.
- Jin Y., Wang Y., Walker D.L. et al. JIL-1: a novel chromosomal tandem kinase implicated in transcriptional regulation in Drosophila // Molecular Cell. 1999. V. 4. P. 129 135.
- Johnson-Schlitz D.M., Engels W.R. P-element-induced interallelic gene conversion of insertions and deletions in Drosophila melanogaster // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1993. V. 13(11). P. 7006−7018.
- Kadonaga J.T. Eukaryotic transcription: an interlaced network of transcription factors and chromatin-modifying machines. Cell. 1998. V. 92(3). P. 307−313.
- Kadonaga J.T. The DPE, a core promoter element for transcription by RNA polymerase II // Experimental and Molecular Medicine. 2002. V. 34(4). P. 259−264.
- Kaplan C.D., Morris J.R. Wu C.-ting., Winston F. Spt5 and Apt6 are associated with active transcription and have characteristics of general elongation factors in D. melanogaster // Genes & Development. 2000. V. 14. P. 2623−2634.
- Kaufman R.E., Doll R.F., Rio D.C. Drosophila P-element transposase recognizes internal P-element DNA sequences // Cell. 1989. V. 59. P. 359−371.
- Kaufman R.E., Rio D.C. P-element transposition in vitro proceeds by a cut and paste mechanism and uses GTP as a cofactor // Cell. 1992. V. 69. P. 27−39
- Kavenoff R., Zimm B.H. Chromosome-sized DNA molecules from Drosophila II Chromosoma. 1973. V. 41. P. 1−27.
- Kavenoff R., Klotz L.C., Zimm B.H. On the nature of chromosome-sized DNA molecules // Cold Sring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1974. V. 38. P. 1−8.
- Kelley D.E., Stokes D.G., Perry R.P. CHD1 interacts with SSRP1 and depends on both its chromodomain and its ATPase/helicase domain for proper association with chromatin // Chromosoma. 1999. V. 108. P. 10−25.
- Kelley M.R., Kidd S., Berg R.L., Young M.W. Restriction of P-element insertions at the Notch locus of Drosophila melanogaster // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1987. V. 7(4). P. 1545−1548.
- Keppy D.O., Welshons W.J. The cytogenetics of a recessive visible mutant associated with a deficiency adjacent to the Notch locus in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetics. 1977. V. 85(3). P. 497−506.
- Kerkis AJu., Zhimulev I.F., Belyaeva E.S. EM autoradiographic study of 3H-uridine incorporated into Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosomes // Dros. Inform. Serv. 1977. V. 52. P. 14−17.
- Kidwell M.G. Reciprocal differences in female recombination associated with hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetical Research. 1977. V. 30. P. 77−88.
- Kidwell M.G., Kidwell J.F., Sved J. A Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: A syndrome of aberrant traits including mutation, sterility, and male recombination // Genetics. 1977. V. 86. P. 813−833.
- Kidwell M.G., Novy J.B. Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: sterility resulting from gonadal dysgenesis in the P-M system 11 Genetics. 1979. V. 92. P. 11 271 140.
- Kim J., Shen В., Rosen C., Dorsett D. The DNA-binding and enhancer-blocking domains of the Drosophila suppressor of Hairy-wing protein // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1996. V. 16(7). P. 3381−3392.
- Kiyasu P.K., Kidwell M.G. Hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: the evolution of mixed P and M populations maintained at high temperature // Genet. Res. 1984. V. 44(3). P. 251−259.
- Klemenz R., Weber U., Gehring W.J. The white gene as a marker in a new P-element vector for gene transfer in Drosophila I I Nucleic Acids Research. 1987. V. 15(10). P. 39 473 959.
- Koltzoff N.K. The structure of the chromosomes n the salivary glands of Drosophila // Science. 1934. V. 80. P. 312−313.
- Kozak M. An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs // Nucleic Acids Research. 1987. V. 15(20). P. 8125−8148.
- Kozlova T.Yu., Kokoza E.B., Tretyakova l.V. et al. Molecular and cytogenetical characterization of the 10A1−2 band and adjoining region in the Drosophila melanogaster polytene X- Chromosome // Genetics. 1994. V. 136. P. 1063−1073.
- Kouzarides T. Histone methylation in transcriptional control // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2002. V. 12. P. 198−209.
- Kutach A.K., Kadonaga J.T. The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in Drosophila core promoters // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2000. V. 20(13). P. 4754−4764.
- Kuzin В., Tillib S., Sedkov Y. et al. The Drosophila trithorax gene encodes a chromosomal protein and directly regulates the region-specific homeotic gene fork head // Genes & Development. 1994. V. 8. P. 2478−2490.
- Labourier E., Adams M.D., Rio D.C. Modulation of P-element pre-mRNA splicing by ф a direct interaction between PSI and U1 snRNP 70K protein // Molecular Cell. 2001.1. V. 8(2). P. 363−373.
- Laird C.D. Structural paradox of polytene chomosomes // Cell. 1980. V. 22. P. 869 874.
- Lakhotia S.C. Bands and condensed chromatin as sites of transcription in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila // Indian J. Experim. Biol. 1979. V. 17. P. 239−248.
- Lam G., Thummel C.S. Inducible expression of double-stranded RNA directs specific genetic interference in Drosophila // Curr. Biol. 2000. V. 10(16). P. 957−963.
- Langst G., Becker P.B. Nucleosome mobilization and positioning by ISWI-containing Ф chromatin remodeling factors // Journal of Cell Science. 2001. V. 114. P. 2561−2568.
- Laski F.A., Rio D.C., Rubin G.M. Tissue specificity of Drosophila P element transposition is regulated at the level of mRNA splicing // Cell. 1986. V. 44. P. 7−19.
- Lavender J.S., Birley A.J., Palmer M.J. et al. Histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16 and other components of the Drosophila dosage compensation pathway colocalize on the male X through mitosis // Chromosome Research. 1994. V. 2. P. 398−404.
- Leach T.J., Mazzeo M., Chotkowski H.L. et al. Histone H2A. Z is widely but nonrandomly distributed in chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster // The Journal of
- Biological Chemistry. 2000. V. 275. P. 23 267−23 272.
- Lee H-s., Kraus K.W., Wolfner M.F., Lis J.T. DNA sequence requirements for generating paused polymerase at the start of hsp70 // Genes & Development. 1992. V. 6. P. 284−295.
- Lee J.M., Greenleaf A.L. Modulation of RNA polymerase II elongation efficiency by C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain kinase I // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997. V. 272. P. 10 990−10 993.
- Liao G.-c., Rehm E.J., Rubin G.M. Insertion site preferences of the P transposableelement in Drosophila melanogaster // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000. V. 97(7). P. 33 473 351.
- Lindquist S. The heat-shock response // Annual Review of Biochemistry. 1986. V. 55. P. 1151−1191.
- Lindsley D.L., Zimm G.G. The Genome of Drosophila melanogaster // Academic Press, Inc. 1992.
- Lis J.T., Simon J.A., Sutton C.A. New heat shock puff and P -galactosidase activity resulting from transformation of Drosophila with an hsp70 lacZ hybrid gene // Cell. 1983. V. 35. P. 403−410.
- Lis J.T., Mason P., Peng J. et al. P-TEFb kinase recruitment and function at heat shock loci // Genes & Development. 2000. V. 14. P. 255−2428.
- Litt M.D., Simpson M., Gaszner M. et al. Correlation between histone lysine methylation and developmental changes at the chicken beta-globin locus // Science. 2001. V. 293. P. 2453−2455.
- Lo W.S., Trievel R.C., Rojas J.R. et al. Phosphorylation of serine 10 in histone H3 is functionally linked in vitro and in vivo to Gcn5-mediated acetylation at lysine 14 // Molecular Cell. 2000. V. 5. P. 917−927.
- Lu H., Weinman F.R., Reinberg D. The nonphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II preferentially associates with the preinitiaion complex // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1991. V. 88. P. 10 004−10 008.
- Maile Т., Kwoczynski S., Katzenberger R. et al. TAF1 activates transcription by phosphorylation of serine 33 of histone H2B // Science. 2004. V. 304. P. 1010−1014.
- Malik S., Roeder R.G. Transcriptional regulation through Mediator-like coactivators in yeast and metazoan cells // Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2000. V. 25. P. 277−283.
- Mancebo H.S., Lee G., Flygare J. et al. P-TEFb kinase is required for HIV Tat transcriptional activation in vivo and in vitro // Genes & Development. 1997. V. 11. P. 2633−2644.
- Marin L., Lehman M., Nouaud D. et al. P-element repression in Drosophila melanogaster by a naturally occurring defective telomeric P copy // Genetics. 2000. V. 155. P. 1841−1854.
- Marshall N.F., Price D.H. Purification of P-TEFb, a transcription factor required for the transition into productive elongation // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995. V. 270. P. 12 335−12 338.
- Marshall N.F., Peng J., Xie Z., Price D.H. Control of RNA polymerase II elongation potential by a novel carboxyl-terminal domain kinase // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996. V. 271. P. 27 176−27 183.
- Martin-Bermudo M.D., Dunin-Borkowski O.M., Brown N.H. Specificity of PS integrin function during embryogenesis resides in the subunit extracellular domain // EMBO J. 1997. V. 16. P. 4184−4193.
- Matunis E.L., Matunis M.J., Dreyfuss G. Association of individual hnRNP proteins and snRNPs with nascent transcripts // The Journal of Cellular Biology. 1993. V. 121(2).P. 219−228.
- McKenzie S.L., Henikoff S., Meselson M. Localization of RNA from heat-induced polysomes at puff sites in Drosophila melanogaster // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1975. V. 72. P. 1117−1121.
- McKittrick E., Gafken P.R., Ahmad K., Henikoff S. Histone H3.3 is enriched in covalent modifications associated with active chromatin // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004. V. 101(6). P1525−1530.
- Meister G.A., Grigliatti T.A. Rapid spread of a P element/Adh gene construct through experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster // Genome. 1993. V. 36(6). P. 11 691 175.
- Mimori Т., Hardin J.A. Characterization of the DNA-binding protein antigen Ku recognized by autoantibodies from patients with rheumatic disorders // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1986. V. 261(5). P. 2274−2278.
- Mimori Т., Hardin J.A. Steitz J.A. Mechanism of interaction between Ku protein and DNA//The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1986. V. 261(22). P. 10 375−10 379.
- Mirault M.E., Goldschmidt-Clermont M., Moran L. et al. The effect of heat shock on gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster // Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1978. V. 42. P. 819−827.
- Mirkovitch J., Gasser S.M., Laemmli U.K. Relation of chromosome structure and gene expression // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1987. V. B317. P. 563−574.
- Misra S., Rio D.C. Cytotype control of Drosophila P element transposition: the 66 kd protein is a repressor of transposase activity // Cell. 1990. V. 62(2). P. 269−284.
- Mizzen C.A., Allis C.D. Linking histone acetylation to transcriptional regulation // Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 1998. V. 54. P. 1261−1270.
- Mogila V.A., Bellaiche Y., Perrimon N. Expression of I-Scel in Drosophila to induce DNA double-strand breaks// Methods Mol. Biol. 1999. V. 113. P. 439−445.
- Mohrmann L., Langenberg K., Krijgsveld J. et al. Differential targeting of two distinct SWI/SNF-related Drosophila chromatin-remodeling complexes // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2004. V. 24(8). P. 3077−3088.
- Moris D.P., Lee J.M., Sterner D.E. et al. Assaying CTD kinases in vitro and phosphorylation-modulated properties of RNA polymerase II in vivo // Methods: a Companion to Methods in Enzymology. 1997. V. 12. P. 264−275.
- Morgenstern В., Freeh K., Dress A., Werner T. DIALIGN: Finding local similarities by multiple sequence alignment // Bioinformatics. 1998. V. 14. P. 290−294.
- Mott M.R., Burnett E.J., Hill R.J. Ultrastructure of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila isolated by microdissection // Journal of Cell Science. 1980. V. 45. P. 15−30.
- Mott M.R., Hill R.J. The ultrastructural morphology of native salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: the band-interband question // Chromosoma. 1986. V. 94. P. 403−411.
- Mullins M.C., Rio D.C., Rubin G.M. Cis-acting DNA sequence requirements for P-element transposition // Genes & Development. 1989. V. 3(5). P. 729−738.
- Nagy P.L., Griesenbeck J., Romberg R.D., Cleary M. A trithorax-group complex purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for methylation of histone H3 // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002. V. 99(1). P. 90−94.
- Ng H.H., Robert F., Young R.A., Struhl K. Targeted recruitment of Setl histone methylase by alongating Pol II provides a localized mark and memory of recent transcriptional activity // Molecular Cell. 2003. V. 11. P. 709−719.
- Nielsen P.R., Nietlispach D., Mott H.R. et al. Structure of the HP1 chromodomain bound to histone H3 methylated at lysine 9 // Nature. 2002. V. 416(6876). P. 103−107.
- Niemi J.B., Raymond J.D., Patrek R., Simmon M.J. Establishment and maintenance of the P cytotype associated with telomeric P elements in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetics. 2004. V. 166(1). P. 255−264.
- Niki Y. Germline autonomous sterility of P-M dysgenic hybrids and their application to germline transfers in Drosophila melanogaster //Dev. Biol. 1986. V. 113. P. 255−258.
- Niki Y., Chigusa S.I. Developmental analysis of the gonadal sterility of P-hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster // Jpn. J. Genet. 1986. V. 61. P. 147−156.
- Nishioka К., Chuikov S., Sarma K. et al. Set9, a novel histone H3 methyltransferase that facilitates transcription by precluding histone tail modifications required for heterochromatin formation // Genes & Development. 2002. V. 16. P. 479−489.
- Nishioka K., Rice J.C., Sarma K. et al. PR-Set7 is a nucleosome-specific methyltransferase that modifies lysine 20 of histone H4 and is associated with silent chromatin // Molecular Cell. 2002. V. 9. P. 1201−1213.
- Noma K., Allis C.D., Grewal S.l. Transitions in distinct histone H3 methylation patterns at the heterochromatin domain boundaries // Science. 2001. V. 293. P. 1150−1155.
- NordheimA., Pardue M.L., Lafer E.M., Moller A., Stollar B.D., Rich A. Antibodies to left-handed Z-DNA bind to interband regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes // Nature. 1981. V. 98. P. 417−422.
- Nowak S.J., Corces V.G. Phosphorylation of histone H3 correlates with transcriptionally active loci// Genes & Development. 2000. V. 14. P. 3003−3013.
- O’Brien Т., Lis J.T. RNA polymerase II pauses at the 5' end of the transcriptionally induced Drosophila hsp70 gene // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1991. V. 11(10). P. 5258−5290.
- O’Brien Т., Hardin S.E., Greenleaf A.L., Lis J.W. Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and transcriptional elongation // Nature. 1994. V. 370. P. 75−77.
- Oh S.W., Kingsley Т., Shin H.H. et al. A P-element insertion screen identified mutations in 455 novel essential genes in Drosophila // Genetics. 2003. V. 163(1). P. 195 201.
- O’Hare K., Rubin G.M. Structures of P transposable elements and their sites of insertion and excision in the Drosophila melanogaster genome I I Cell. 1983. V. 34. P. 2535.
- Ohler U., Liao G., Niemann H., Rubin G.M. Computational analysis of core promoters in the Drosophila genome // Genome Biology. 2002. V. 3(12). P. 0087.1−0087.12.
- O’Kane C.J., Gehring W.S. Detection in situ of genomic regulatory elements in Drosophila// Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1987. V. 84. P. 9123−9127.
- Orphanides G., Wu W.-H., Lane W.S. et al. The chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor FACT comprises human SPT16 and SSRP1 proteins // Nature. 1999. V. 400. P. 284−288.
- Papoulas О., Веек S.J., Moseley S.L. et al. The Drosophila trithorax group proteins BRM, ASH1 and ASH2 are subunits of distinct protein complexes // Development. 1998. V. 125. P. 3955−3966.
- Park J.M., Gim B.S., Kim J.M. et al. Drosophila Mediator complex is broadly utilized by diverse gene-specific transcription factors at different types of core promoters // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2001a. V. 21(7). P. 2312−2323.
- Park J.M., Werner J., Kim J.M. et al. Mediator, not holoenzyme, is directly recruited to the heat shock promoter by HSF upon heat shock // Molecular Cell. 2001b. V. 8. P. 9−19.
- Peng J., Marshall N.F., Price D.H. Identification of a cyclin subunit required for the function of Drosophila P-TEFb // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998. V. 273(22). P. 13 855−13 860.
- Peng J., Zhu Y. Milton J.T., Price D.H. Identification of multiple cyclin subunits of human P-TEFb // Genes & Development. 1998. V. 12. P. 755−762.
- Pile L.A., Schlag E.M., Wassarman D.A. The SIN3/RPD3 deacetylase complex is essential for G (2) phase cell cycle progression and regulation of SMRTER corepressor levels // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2002. V. 22(14). P. 4965−4976.
- Pile L.A., Wassarmann D.A. Chromosomal localization links the SIN3-RPD3 complex to the regulation of chromatin condensation, histone acetylation and gene expression // EMBO J. 2000. V. 19(22). P. 6131−6140.
- Pile L.A., Wassarmann D.A. Localizing transcription factors on chromatin by immunofluorescence // Methods. 2002. V. 26. P. 3−9.
- Prelich G. RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain kinases: emerging clues to their function // Eukaryotic Cell. 2002. V. 1(2). P. 153−162.
- Preston C.R., Engels W.R. P-element-induced male recombination and gene conversion in Drosophila // Genetics. 1996. V. 144. P. 1611−1622.
- Preston C.R., Sved J.A., Engels W.R. Flanking duplications and deletions associated with-induced male recombination in Drosophila I I Genetics. 1996. V. 144. P.11 623−1638.
- Prasher D.C. Using GFP to see the light // Trends in Genetics. 1995. V. 11(8). P. 320 323.
- Purnell B.A., Emanuel P.A., Gilmour D.S. TFIID sequence recognition of the initiator and sequences farther downstream in Drosophila class II genes // Genes & Development. 1994. V. 8. P. 830−842.
- Rabenstein M.D., Zhou S., Tjian R. TATA box-binding protein (TBP)-related factor 2 (TRF2), a third member of the TBP family // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. V. 96(9). P. 4791−4796.
- Rabindran S.K., Haroun R.I., Clos J. et al. Regulation of heat shock factor trimer formation: role of a conserved leucine zipper // Science. 1993. V. 259. P. 230−234.
- Rea S., Eisenhaber F., O’Carroll D. et al. Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases// Nature. 2000. V. 406. P. 593.
- Redon C., Pilch D., Rogakou E. et al. Histone H2A variants H2AX and H2AZ // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2002. V. 12. P. 162−169.
- Reichhart J.M., Ligoxygakis P., Naitza S. et al. Splice-activated UAS hairpin vector gives complete RNAi knockout of single or double target transcripts in Drosophila melanogaster II Genesis. 2002. V. 34(1−2). P. 160−164.
- Reines DM Conaway J.W., Conaway R.C. The RNA polymerase II general elongation factors//Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1996. V. 21. P. 351−355.
- Reuter G., Spierer P. Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins // Bioessays. 1992. V. 14(9). P. 605−612.
- Rice J.D., Allis C.D. Histone methylation versus histone acetylation: new insights into epigenetics regulation // Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 2001. V. 13. P. 263−273.
- Rickert P., Seghezzi W., Shanahn F. et al. CyclinC/CDK8 is a novel CTD kinase associated with RNA polymerase II // Oncogene. 1996. V. 12. P. 2631−2640.
- Rio D.C. Molecular mechanisms regulating Drosophila P element transposition // Annual Review of Genetics. 1990. V. 24. P. 543−578.
- Ris H., Korenberg J. Chromosome structure and levels of chromosome organization // Cell Biology. A comprehensive treatise/ Eds. D. Prescott, L. Goldstein. N.Y. Acad. Press. 1979. V. 4. P. 263−294.
- Robertson H.M., Preston C.R., Phillis R.W. et al. A stable genomic source of P element transposase in Drosophila melanogaster I I Genetics. 1988. V. 118(3). P. 461−470.
- Roche S., Schiff M., Rio D.C. P-element repressor autoregulation involves germ-line transcriptional repression and reduction of third intron splicing // Genes & Development. 1995. V. 9. P. 1278−1288.
- Roiha H., Rubin G.M., O’Hare К. P element insertions and rearrangements at the singed locus of Drosophila melanogaster II Genetics. 1988. V. 19(1). P. 75−83.
- Rong Y.S., Golic K.G. Gene targeting by homologous recombination in Drosophila // Science. 2000. V. 288. P. 2013−2018.
- Rong Y.S., Golic K.G. A targeted gene knockout in Drosophila // Genetics. 2001. V. 157. P. 1307−1312.
- Rong Y.S., Titen S.W., Xie H.B. et al. Targeted mutagenesis by homologous recombination in D. melanogaster II Genes & Development. 2002. V. 16(12). P. 1568−1581.
- Roseman R.R., Pirrotta V., Geyer P.K. The su (Hw) protein insulates expression of the Drosophila melanogaster white gene from chromosomal position-effects // EMBO J. 1993. V. 12(2). P. 435−442.
- Roseman R.R., Johnson E.J., Rodesch C.K. et al. A P element containing suppressor of Hairy-wing binding regions has novel properties for mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster II Genetics. 1995. V. 141(3). P. 1061−1074.
- Roth S.Y., Denu J.M., Allis C.D. Histone acetyl transferases //Annual Review of Biochemistry. 2001. V. 70. P. 81−120.
- Rougvie A.E., Lis J.T. Postinitiation transcriptional control in Drosophila melanogaster // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1990. V. 10. P. 6041−6045.
- Rozovskaia T., Tillib S., Smith S. et al. Trithorax and ASH1 interact directly and associate with the trithorax group-responsive bxd region of the Ultrabithorax promoter // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1999. V. 19(9). P. 6441−6447.
- Rubin G.M., Kidwell M., Bingham P. The molecular basis of P-M hybrid dysgenesis: the role of the P element, a P-strain- specific transposon family // Cell. 1982. V. 29. P. 9 951 004.
- Rubin G.M., Spradling A.C. Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors//Science. 1982. V. 218(4570). P348−353.
- Rubin G.M., Spradling A.C. Vector P element-mediated gene transfer in Drosophila // Nucleic Acids Research. 1983. V. 11. P. 6341−6351.
- Russo C.A.M., Takezaki N., Nei M. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Drosophilid species // Mol. Biol. Evol. 1995. V. 12(3). P. 391−404.
- Rykowski M.C., Parmelee S.J., Agard D.A., Sedat J.W. Precise determination of the molecular limits of a polytene chromosome band: regulatory sequences for the Notch gene are in the interband // Cell. 1988. V. 54. P. 461−472.
- Salz H.K., Cline T.W., Schedl P. Functional changes associated with structural alterations induced by mobilization of a P element inserted in the Sex-lethal gene of Drosophila//Genetics. 1987. V. 117. P. 221−231.
- Santos-Rosa H., Schneider R., Bannister A. et al. Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3 // Nature. 2002. V. 419. P. 407−411.
- Sass H. Features of in vitro puffing and RNA synthesis in polytene chromosomes of Chironomus // Chromosoma. 1980. V. 78. P. 33−78.
- Sass H., Bautz E.K.F. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of RNA polymerase В on isolated polytene chromosomes of Chironomus tentans I I Chromosoma. 1982a. V. 85. P. 633−642.
- Sass H., Bautz E.K.F. Interbands of polytene chromosomes: binding sites and start points for RNA polymerase // Chromosoma. 1982b. V. 86. P. 77−93.
- Sassone-Corsi P., Mizzen C.A., Cheung P. et al. Requirement of Rsk-2 for epidermal growth factor-activated phosphorylation of histone H3 // Science. 1999. V. 285. P. 886−891.
- Saunders A., Werner J., Andrulis E.D. et al. Tracking FACT and the RNA polymerase II elongation complex through chromatin in vivo // Science. 2003. V. 301. P. 1094−1096.
- Searles L.L., Voelker R.A. Molecular characterization of the Drosophila vermilion locus and its suppressible alleles I I Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986. V. 83. P. 404−408.
- Sedkov Y., Cho E., Petruk S. et al. Methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 in ecdysone-dependent development of Drosophila // Nature. 2003. V. 426. P. 78−83.
- Selker E.U. Trichostatin A causes selective loss of DNA methylation in Neurospora // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. V. 95. P. 9430−9435.
- Semeshin V.F., Zhimulev I.F., Belyaeva E.S. Electron microscope autoradiographic study on transcriptional activity of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes // Chromosoma. 1979. V. 73. P. 163−177.
- Semeshin V.F., Baricheva E.M., Belyaeva E.S., Zhimulev l.F. Electron microscopical analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. I. Mapping of the 87A and 87C heat shock puffs in development// Chromosoma. 1982. V. 87. P. 229−237.
- Semeshin V.F., Baricheva E.M., Belyaeva E.S., Zhimulev l.F. Electron microscopical analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. II. Development of complex puffs // Chromosoma. 1985a. V. 91. P. 210−233.
- Semeshin V.F., Baricheva E.M., Belyaeva E.S., Zhimulev l.F. Electron microscopical analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. III. Mapping of puffs developing from one band // Chromosoma. 1985b. V. 91. P. 234−250.
- Semeshin V.F., Demakov S.A., Perez Alonso M. et al. Electron microscopical analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. V. Characteristics of structures formed by transposed DNA segments of mobile elements // Chromosoma. 1989. V. 97. P. 396−412.
- Seum C., Pauli P., Delattre M. et al. Isolation of Su (var)3−7 mutations by homologous recombination in Drosophila melanogaster I I Genetics. 2002. V. 161(3). P. 1125−1136.
- Schmid K.J., Tautz D. A screen for fast evolving genes from Drosophila // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997. V. 94. P. 9746−9750.
- Schwartz B.E., Larochelle S., Suter В., Lis J.T. Cdk7 is required for full activation of Drosophila heat shock genes and RNA polymerase II phosphorylation in vivo // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2003. V. 23(19). P. 6879−6886.
- Schwartz Yu.B., Demakov S.A., Zhimulev l.F. Polytene chromosome interband DNA is organized into nucleosomes// Mol: Genet. Genomics. 2001. V. 265. P. 311−315.
- Schwartz Yu.B., Ioudinkova E.S., Demakov S.A. et al. Interbands of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes contains matrix association regions // Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1999. V. 72. P. 362−372.
- Shen P., Huang V., Homologous recombination in Escherihia coli: dependence on substrate length and homology // Genetics. 1986. V. 112. P. 441−457.
- Shilatifard A., Conaway J.W., Conaway R.C. Mechanism and regulation of transcriptional elongation and termination by RNA polymerase II // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1997. V. 7. P. 199−204.
- Shopland L.S., Lis J.T. HSF recruitment and loss at most Drosophila heat shock loci is coordinated and depends on proximal promoter sequences // Chromosoma. 1996. V. 105. P. 158−171.
- Shortle D., Haber J.E., Botstein D. Lethal disruption of the yeast actin gene by integrative transformation//Science. 1982. V. 217. P. 371−373.
- Siebel C.W., Admon A., Rio D.C. Soma-specific expression and cloning of PSI, a negative regulator of P element pre-mRNA splicing // Genes & Development. 1995. V. 9(3). P. 269−283.
- Siebel C.W., Fresco L.D., Rio D.C. The mechanism of somatic inhibition of Drosophila P-element pre-mRNA splicing: multiprotein complexes at an exon pseudo-5' splice site control U1 snRNP binding// Genes & Development. 1992. V. 6. P. 1386−1401.
- Siebel C.W., Kanaar R., Rio D.C. Regulation of tissue-specific-element pre-mRNA splicing requires the RNA-binding protein PSI // Genes & Development. 1994. V. 8(14). P. 1713−1725.
- Silver L.M., Feldman L., Stollar B.D., Elgin S.C. An immunofluorescent analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes with antisera directed against НЗ, H4, and a native H3-H4 complex // Exp. Cell Res. 1978. V. 114(2). P. 479−484.
- Simmons M.J., Raymond J.D., Johnson N.A., Fahey T.M. A comparison of mutation rates for specific loci and chromosome regions in dysgenic hybrid males of Drosophila melanogaster II Genetics. 1984. V. 106(1). P. 85−94.
- Simmons M.J., Raymon J.D., Niemi J.B. et al. The P cytotype in Drosophila melanogaster: a maternally transmitted regulatory state of the germ line associated with telomeric P elements // Genetics. 2004. V. 166(1). P. 243−254.
- Simmons M.J., Haley K.J., Grimes C.D. et al. A hobo transgene that encodes the P-element transposase in Drosophila melanogaster. Autoregulation and cytotype control of transposase activity // Genetics. 2002a. V. 161(1). P. 195−204.
- Simmons M.J., Haley K.J., Thompson SJ. Maternal transmission of P element transposase activity in Drosophila melanogaster depends on the last P intron // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002b. V. 99(14). P. 9306−9309.
- Simon J.A., Sutton C.A., Lis J.T. Localization and expression of transformed DNA sequences within heat shock puffs of Drosophila melanogaster // Chromosoma. 1985. V. 93. P. 26−30.
- Skaer R.J. Interband transcription in Drosophila // Journal of Cell Science. 1977. V. 26. P. 251−266.
- Smith E.R., Pannuti A., Gu*W. et al. The Drosophila MSL complex acetylates histone H4 at lysine 16, a chromatin modification linked to dosage compensation // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2000. V. 20(1). P. 312−318.
- Smith S.T., Petruk S., Sedkov Y. et al. Modulation of heat-shock gene expression by the TAC1 chromatin modifying complex 11 Nature Cell Biology. 2004. V. 6(2). P. 162−167.
- Sobel R.E., Cook R.G., Perry C.A. et al. Conservation of deposition-related acetylation sites in newly synthesized histones H3 and H4 // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. V. 92. P. 1237−1241.
- Sorger P.K. Heat shock factor and the heat shock response // Cell. 1991. V. 65. P. 363 366.
- Sorsa M., Sorsa V. Electron microscopic observations on interband fibrils in Drosophila salivary chromosomes // Chromosoma. 1967. V. 22. P. 32−41.
- Sorsa V. A cytological view of the functional organization of chromomeres // Hereditas. 1976. V. 82(1). P. 63−68.
- Sorsa V. Electron microscopic map for the salivary gland chromosome X of Drosophila melanogaster Divisions 1−5 // Advances in genetics, development and evolution of Drosophila // Ed. S.Lakovaara. N.Y.L.: Plenum Press. 1982a. P. 23−31.
- Sorsa V. Structural analysis of polytene chromosome bands and interbands // Advances in genetics, development and evolution of Drosophila // Ed.S. Lakovaara. N.Y.: Plenum Press. 1982b. P. 11−22.
- Sorsa V. Electron microscopic mapping and ultrastructure of Drosophila polytene chromosomes // Insect Ultratructure/ R.C. King, H. Akai. New York: Plenum Press. 1984. V. 2. P. 75−107.
- Sorsa V. Chromosome maps of Drosophila // Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc. 1988. V. 1−2.
- Spierer P., Spierer A., Bender W., Hogness D. Molecular mapping of genetic and chromomeric units in Drosophila melanogaster // J. Molecular Biol. 1983. V. 168. P. 35−50.
- Spierer A., Spierer P. Similar level of polyteny in bands and interbands of Drosophila giant chromosomes//Nature. 1984. V. 307. P. 176−178.
- Spradling A.C., Penman S., Pardue M.L. Analysis of Drosophila mRNA by in situ hybridization: Sequences transcribed in normal and heat shocked cultured cells // Cell. 1975. V. 4. P. 395−404.
- Spradling A.C., Rubin G.M. Transposition of cloned P elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes // Science. 1982. V. 218. P. 341−347.
- Spradling A.C., Stern D.M., Kiss I. et al. Gene disruptions using P transposable elements: an integral part component of the Drosophila genome project // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. V. 92. P. 10 824−10 830.
- Stallcup M.R. Role of protein methylation in chromatin modelling and transcriptional regulation// Oncogene. 2001. V. 20(24). P. 3014−3020.
- Staveley B.E., Heslip T.R., Hodgetts R.B., Bell J.B. Protected P-element termini suggest a role for inverted repeat- binding protein in transposase induced gap repair in Drosophila melanogaster//Genetics. 1995. V. 139. P. 1321−1329.
- Sterner D.E., Berger S.L. Acetylation of histones and transcription-related factors // Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000. V. 64. P. 435−459.
- Steffensen D.M. Evidence for the apparent absence of DNA in the interbands of Drosophila salivary chromosomes // Genetics. 1963. V. 48. P. 1289−1301.
- Stokes D.G. Perry R.P. The DNA-binding and chromatin localization properties of CHD1 // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1995. V. 15. P. 2745−2753.
- Stokes D.G., Tartof K.D., Perry R.P. CHD1 is concentrated in interbands and puffed regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996. V. 93. P. 7137−7142.
- Storti R.V., Scott M.P., Rich A. Pardue M.L. Transclational control of protein synthesis in response to heat shock in D. melanogaster cells // Cell. 1980. V. 22. P. 825 834.
- Strahl B.D., Allis C.D. The language of covalent histone modifications // Nature.2000. V. 403(6765). V. 41−45.
- Strahl B.D., Briggs S.D., Brame C.J. et al. Methylation of histone 4 at arginine 3 occurs in vivo and is mediated bythe nuclear receptor coactivator PRMT1 // Curr. Biol.2001. V. 11. P. 1−5.
- Strahl B.D., Ohba R., Cook R.G., Allis C.D. Methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 is highly conserved and correlates with transcriptionally active nuclei in Tetrahymena // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. V. 96. P. 14 967.
- Stuart J.R., Haley K.J., Swedzinski D. et al. Telomeric P-elements associated with cytotype regulation of the P transposon family in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetics.2002. V. 162(4). P. 1641−1654.
- Sved J.A., Eggleston W.B., Engels W.R. Germ-line and somatic recombination induced by in vitro modified P elements in Drosophila melanogaster // Genetics. 1990. V. 124(2). P. 331−337.
- Svejstrup J.Q., Vichi P., Egly J.M. The multiple roles of transcription/repair factor TFI1H//Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1996. V. 21. P. 346−350.
- Svoboda Ya.H.M., Robson M.K. Sved J.A. P-elements-induced male recombination can be produced in Drosophila melanogaster by combining end-deficient elements in trans //Genetics. 1995. V. 139. P. 1601−1610.
- Takasu-Ishikawa E., Yoshihara M., Hotta Y. Extra sequences found at P element excision sites in Drosophila melanogaster II Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992. V. 232(1). P. 17−23.
- Tamaru H., Selker E.U. A histone H3 methyltransferase controls DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa // Nature. 2001. V. 414. P. 277−283.
- Tatusova T.A., Madden T.L. Blast 2 sequences a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences // FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1999. V. 174. P. 247−250.
- Thomas K.R., Capecchi M.R. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells // Cell. 1987. V. 51. P. 503−512.
- Thummel C., Pirrotta V. Technical notes: new pCasper P-element vectors // D. I. S. 1992. V. 71. P. 150.
- Tirode F., Busso D., Coin F., Egly J.M. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TF1IH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7 // Molecular Cell. 1999. V. 3. P. 87−95.
- Tower J., Karpen G.H., Craig N., Spradling A.C. Preferential transposition of Drosophila P elements to nearby chromosomal sites // Genetics. 1993. V. 133(2). P. 347 359.
- Ghbeish N., McKeown M. Analyzing the reoressuve function of ultraspiracle, the Drosophila RXR, in Drosophila eye development // Mechanisms and Development. 2002. V. 111. P. 89−98.
- Tripoulas N., LaJeunesse D., Gildea J., Shearn A. The Drosophila ashl gene product, which is localized at specific sites on chromosomes, contains a SET domain and a PHD finger//Genetics. 1996. V. 143. P. 913−928.
- Tsai C.-C., Kao H.-Y., Yao T.P. et al. SMRTER, a Drosophila nuclear receptor coregulator, reveals that EcR-mediated repression is critical for development // Molecular Cell. 1999. V. 4. P. 175−186.
- Tseng J.C., Zollman S., Chain A.C., Laski F.A. Splicing of the Drosophila P element ORF2-ORF3 intron is inhibited in a human cell extract // Mech. Dev. 1991. V. 35(1). P. 6572.
- Tsubota S., Ashburner M., Schedl P. P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1985. V. 5(10). P. 2567−2574.
- Tsukiyama Т., Daniel C., Tamkun J., Wu C. ISWI, a member of the SWI2/SNF2 ATPase family, encodes the 140 kDa subunit of the nucleosome remodeling factor // Cell. 1995. V. 83(6). P. 1021−1026.
- Tsukiyama Т., Wu C. Purification and properties of an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling factor // Cell. 1995. V. 83(6). P. 1011−1020.
- Tbukiyama Т., Wu С. Chromatin remodelling and transcription // Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1997. V. 7(2). P. 182−191.
- Turner B.M. Histone acetylation and control of gene expression // Journal of Cell Science. 1991. V. 99. P. 13−20.
- Umbetova G.H., Zhimulev I.F. Structure and transcriptional activity of the pomponlike X chromosomes of l (3)tl mutant in Drosophila melanogaster // Dros. Inform. Serv. 1987. V. 66. P. 143−145.
- Vazquez J., Pauli D., Tissieres A. Transcriptional regulation in Drosophila during heat shock: A nuclear run-on analysis // Chromosoma. 1993. V. 102. P. 233−248.
- Velazquez J.M., DiDomenico B.J., Lindquist S. Intracellular localization of heat shock proteins in Drosophila // Cell. 1980. V. 20. P. 679−689.
- Vettesse-Dadey M., Grant P.A., Hebbes T.R. et al. Acetylation of histone H4 plays a primary role in enhancing transcription factor binding to nucleosomal DNA in vitro // EMBO J. 1996. V. 15. P. 2508−2518.
- Vlassova I.E., Umbetova G.H., Zimmermann V.H., Alonso C., Belyaeva E.S., Zhimulev I.F. Immunofluorescence localization of DNA: RNA hybrids in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes // Chromosoma. 1985. V. 91. P. 251−258.
- Vlassova I.E., Zhimulev I.F., Belyaeva E.S., Semeshin V.F. The effect of DRB and a-amanitin on the RNA synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes // Dros. Inform. Serv. 1987. V. 66. P. 151−154.
- Wada Т., Takagi Т., Yamaguchi Y. et al. DSIF, a novel transcription elongation factor that regulates RNA polymerase II processivity, is composed of human Spt4 and Spt5 homologs // Genes & Development. 1998. V. 12: P. 343−356.
- Wang H., Cao R., Xia L. et al. Purification and functional characterization of a histone H3-lysine 4-specific methyltransferase // Molecular Cell. 2001a. V. 8. P. 1207−1217.
- Wang H., Huang Z.Q., Xia L. et al. Methylation of histone 4 at arginine 3 facilitating transcriptional activation by nuclear hormone receptor // Science. 2001b. V. 293. P. 853 857.
- Wang Y., Zhang W., Jin Y. et al. The J1L-1 tandem kinase mediates histone H3 phosphorylation and is required for maintenance of chromatin structure in Drosophila // Cell. 2001c. V. 105. P. 433−443.
- Wassarman D.A., Sauer F. TAFn250: a transcription toolbox // Journal of Cell Science. 2001. V. 114. P. 2895−2902.
- Weaver D.T. What to do at an end: DNA double-strand-break repair // Trends in Genetics. 1995. V. 11(10). P. 388−392.
- Weeks J.R., Hardin S.E. Shen J. et al. Locus-specific variation in phosphorylation state of RNA polymerase II in vivo: correlations with gene activity and transcript processing // Genes & Development. 1993. V. 7. P. 2329−2344.
- Wei G., Oliver В., Mahowald A.P. Gonadal dysgenesis reveals sexual dimorphism in the embryonic germline of Drosophila // Genetics. 1991. V. 129(1). P. 203−210.
- Wei Y., Mizzen C.A., Cook R.G. et al. Phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 is correlated with chromosome condensation during mitosis and meiosis in Tetrahymena // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. V. 95. P. 7480−7484.
- Wei Y., Yu L., Bowen J. et al. Phosphorylation of histone H3 is required for proper chromosome condensation and segregation // Cell. 1999. V. 97. P. 99−109.
- Weiler K.S., Wakimoto B.T. Heterochromatin and gene expression in Drosophila // Annual Review of Genetics. 1995. V. 29. P. 577−605.
- Welshons W.J., Keppy D.O. The recombinational analysis of aberrations and the position of the Notch locus on the polytene chromosome of Drosophila I I Mol. Gen. Genet. 1981. V. 181(3). P. 319−224.
- Westwood J.T., Clos J., Wu C. Stress-induced oligomerization and chromosomal relocalization of heat-shock factor // Nature. 1991. V. 353. P. 822−827.
- Westwood J.T., Wu C. Activation of Drosophila heat shock factor: conformational change associated with a monomer-to-trimer transition // Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1993. V. 13. P. 3481−3486.
- Whitfield W.G., Millar S.E., Saumweber H. et al. Cloning of a gene encoding an antigen associated with the centrosome in Drosophila // Journal of Cell Science. 1988. V. 89. P. 467−480.
- Williams J.A., Bell J.B. Molecular organization of the vestigial region in Drosophila melanogaster II EMBO J. 1988. V. 7(5). 1355−1363.
- Wolstenholme D.R. The distribution of DNA and RNA in salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus tentans as revealed by fluorescence microscopy // Chromosoma. 1965. V. 17. P. 219−229.
- Wolstenholme D.R. Direct evidence for the presence of DNA in interbands of Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes // Genetics. 1966. V. 53. P. 357−360.
- Yamaguchi Y., Takagi Т., Wada T. et al. NELF, a multisubunit complex containing RD, cooperates with DSIF to repress RNA polymerase 11 elongation // Cell. 1999. V. 97. P. 41−51.
- Yeates D.K., Wiegmann B.M. Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level phylogeny of Diptera // Annual Review of Entomology. 1999. V. 44. P. 397−428.
- Zegerman P., Canas B., Pappin D. Kouzarides T. Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation disrupts the binding of the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylase (NuRD) repressor complex//Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002. V. 277(14). P. 11 621−11 624.
- Zhang J., Corden J.L. Identification of phosphorylation sites in the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain of the mouse RNA polymerase II largest subunit // The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991. V. 266. P. 2297−2302.
- Zhimulev I.F., Belyaeva E.S. 3H-uridine labelling patterns in the Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosomes X, 2R and 3L // Chromosoma. 1975. V. 49. P. 219−231.
- Zhimulev I.F., Lytchev V.A. Some additional characteristics of the phenotype of Itl (lethal tumorous larvae) of D. melanogaster // Dros. Inform. Serv. 1972. V. 49. P. 48.
- Zhu Y., Pe’ery Т., Peng J. et al. Transcription elongation factor P-TEFb is required for H1V-1 tat transactivation in vitro // Genes & Development. 1997. V. 11(20). P. 2622−2632.